Gammahydroxybutyrate overdose and physostigmine
Date First Published:
February 21, 2001
Last Updated:
March 3, 2009
Report by:
Liz Allen, Specialist Registrar in Emergency Medicine (Ipswich Hospital, UK)
Search checked by:
Walid Alsalim, Ipswich Hospital, UK
Three-Part Question:
In [patients with gammahydroxybutyrate ingestion] does [treatment with physostigmine] [reduce the neccessity for intubation and duration of unconsciousness]?
Clinical Scenario:
A 25 year old man is brought to the Emergency Department after collapsing in a club. His friends report ingestion of Gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB) and alcohol. His Glasgow Coma Scale score is 3 on arrival and he is intermittently apnoeic. When you attempt to intubate him he seems to rouse but quickly becomes unresponsive again once you stop. You ask for anaesthetic help. The anaesthetic registrar has a similar experience on attempting intubation. You are sure you have read that physostigmine can be used to avoid intubation in this situation. You wonder if you have remembered correctly.
Search Strategy:
MEDLINE using the OVID interface 1966 to January Week 1 2006
Embase using the OVID interface 1980 to 2006 Week 02
The Cochrane Library Issue 4 2005
Embase using the OVID interface 1980 to 2006 Week 02
The Cochrane Library Issue 4 2005
Search Details:
OVID:[exp Hydroxybutyrates/ OR GHB.mp OR gammahydroxybutyrate.mp.] AND [physostigmine.mp. or exp Physostigmine/] Limit to Humans and English Language
Cochrane:[Hydroxybutyrates {MeSH explode all trees} OR gammahydroxybutyrate {all fields}] AND [physostigmine {MeSH explode all trees}]
Cochrane:[Hydroxybutyrates {MeSH explode all trees} OR gammahydroxybutyrate {all fields}] AND [physostigmine {MeSH explode all trees}]
Outcome:
18 papers were found of which 1 was a systematic review. All other relevant papers were included in the review.
Relevant Paper(s):
| Study Title | Patient Group | Study type (level of evidence) | Outcomes | Key results | Study Weaknesses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physostigmine as a treatment for Gamma Hydroxybutyrate Toxicity: A Review. Traub S. 2002 USA | 4 papers reporting the effect of physostigmine on GHB affected patients | Systematic Review | Case reports and uncontrolled, unblinded series only. Anaesthetised patients had many drugs |
Author Commentary:
As noted in the review by Traub et al, the evidence for and against the use of physostigmine is of poor quality. Only 2 papers (involving 6 patients) are set in the Emergency Department, while those in the anaesthetic room are uncontrolled. This matters since the recovery from GHB induced anaesthesia is relatively rapid and it is therefore difficult to draw conclusions from uncontrolled studies.
Bottom Line:
The evidence for the use of physostigmine is of low quality. Local advice should be followed.
References:
- Traub S.. Physostigmine as a treatment for Gamma Hydroxybutyrate Toxicity: A Review.